Life: Through the Eyes of Las MariposasLatinas Abriendo Camino (Latinas Laying Way)

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Growing up a bicultural woman has put a spotlight on Julia Alvarez’s writing as it is a myriad of diverse issues and thoughts unique to her own personality that make her stand out. Feeling a lack of identity while living in the United States has forced Alvarez to immerse herself in reading and writing, a form of escape due to her being taunted by schoolgirls for her ethnicity and accent. She puts her own personal experiences in her books, making it that more personal and heartwarming to read and feeling a connection with the author formulates a more enjoyable reading adventure, which Alvarez easily does. Her despair, authenticity and effort to represent inner drama of her conversion to an American self has been a hard journey. Julia Alvarez’s Dominican heritage and oppressive childhood experiences in America have greatly influenced her writing and perspective on controversial issues such as rape, abuse, miscarriage, cancer, harassment, and divorce.


Julia Alvarez was born the 7th of March, 150, in New York City. Not long after, her family moved back to the Dominican Republic, where Alvarez lived until the age of ten. She grew up on the family compound surrounded by love and an abundance of maids, sisters, aunts, and other women of the family (Discovering Biography 1). “Although I was raised in the Dominican Republic by Dominican parents in an extended Dominican family, mine was an American childhood” (Discovering Biography 1). Eventually, Alvarez’s family was forced to flee their homeland because a plot involving her father to overthrow the dictator, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, was discovered. On the plane ‘home’ to America she wrote,


. . . All my childhood I had dressed like an American, eaten American foods,


and befriended American children. I had gone to an American school and spent most of the day speaking and reading English. At night my prayers were full of blond hair and blue eyes and snow. . . All my childhood I had longed for this moment of arrival. And here I was, an American girl, coming home at last. (Discovering Biography )


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Alvarez’s high expectations and excitement in returning to her birthplace did not last long though.


While living in the Bronx, her mom encouraged her to consider herself an American, but homesickness, prejudice and alienation by others were some of the devastations she experienced because she did not look like an American. Some of the boys at school called her awful names, names at the time she did not understand, but she understood their angry hurtful faces (Contemporary Authors 4). The faces were normal, they were habitually made to feel inadequate and unworthy to even live amongst the whites.


. . .People of color were treated as if they were inferior, prone to violence, uneducated, untrustworthy, lazy--all the ‘bad’ adjectives we were learning in our new language. . .We were lucky, we were white Dominicans or we would have had a much harder time of it in this country. We would have encountered a lot more prejudice than we already did, for white as we were, we found that our Latino-ness, our accents, our habits and smells, added ‘color’ to our complexion. (O’Hearn 14-144)


Alvarez and her sister did endure much racism and bullying. Often they were yelled at to, “Go back where you came from!” At one point, when the schoolgirls started


throwing rocks at them, their mother decided they were not safe and began applying for boarding school, where Alvarez eventually went at the age of thirteen (O’Hearn 144). Then, “the most frightening thing happened, ‘she explains, ‘I began losing my Spanish before getting a foot-hold in English. I was without a language” (Women of Hope 1). This was a time of feeling a loss and insecurity within herself. All of these experiences contributed to the breaking point in her life on the road to be a writer.


Experience makes a writer and Julia Alvarez certainly attains that. Many of her works are about the emigration process, racism, political involvement, and women’s rights. By the time she went off to college such issues were the focus of everyday American life. This was the era of the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and women’s movements. These experiences along with others from her Dominican Republic Island were high on her priority list to write about. “It is in writing, she says, that she has come to understand her life. ‘El papel lo aguanto todo,’ she says, quoting her mother ‘Paper holds everything.’ It is one of the commandments by which she writes-- and lives” (Prescott ). In her second novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, Alvarez explores the political nature of the country, and the women’s role within it. She felt a certain responsibility to write about the three Mirabal sisters, who were savagely murdered in 160 by Trujillo’s men, because she did not want their story to be lost or forgotten (Women of Hope ).


. . . She wanted to reach both spheres of her two cultures - so that Dominicans living in the U.S. would remember these remarkable figures in their struggle against tyranny and readers would be familiar with these three women who stood up to oppression in a time of terrible violence. And she wanted to focus the world’s eyes on a part of Dominican history that was about solidarity and moral choices rather than the endless saga of dictators and gangster presidents, revolutions and regimes. (Women of Hope )


Coincidentally, Alvarez’s family fled the country that same year. The day of the murder, November 5, is now celebrated in most Latin American countries as the International Day Against Violence Towards Women.


In the historical novel, In the Time of the Butterflies, Alvarez recounts the lives and deaths of the four Mirabal sisters in a format beginning with their childhood and gradually defining how they came to be involved in the liberation movement. “Their


stories ended just as ours [the Alvarez’s] began” (Sirias 6). Alvarez found out while in the Dominican Republic and gathering information, that her father and the Mirabal sisters belonged to the same political underground, where the sisters were known as las Mariposas (the Butterflies) and later became symbols of resistance to Trujillo’s rule. Alvarez has an emotional attachment to this story of the Mirabal’s lives for the sole reason that she is involved, for it was her father’s involvement in a plot to overthrow Trujillo that forced them to flee the country. She wanted to comprehend and grasp her fathers instigative attitude and reasons for being involved.


. . . It was also a desire to understand my parents’ generation, who fell victim to the dictatorship-- la generacion perdida ( the lost generation), as they are known in the Dominican Republic- so much talent, so much energy and faith, so many lives gone to waste. I needed to understand and to redeem the time for myself. ( McClellan 1)


Also, while in the Dominican Republic researching, she met Noris, Patria’s daughter (oldest of the sisters) and Minou, Minerva’s daughter (second youngest), and eventually Dede the only surviving sister, (Sirias 54) who decided on that fateful day not to go with her sisters to visit their husbands in jail. It was after meeting Dede that Julia Alvarez, “was inspired to undertake the task of portraying the lives of the Mirabal sisters in the form of a novel” (Sirias 54).


Dede, the oldest, is in a way the narrator of the story. She is the one that shares the insights and stories that the butterflies could not. The novel is written in a different fashion, with the reader already knowing three of the sisters die, in the beginning pages, but how, why, and what for are the questions that leave the reader wanting to peruse and understand more. The book begins with a gringa dominicana


interviewing Dede about her sisters, for the anniversary of their deaths are approaching. Then, a flashback comes and Dede recalls one night where Patria, Minerva, Maria Teresa, herself and their parents are sitting in rockers outside under the anacahuita tree. As their Papa is telling their futures, he refers to Dede when he mentions, “She’ll bury us all,’ her father adds, laughing, ‘in silk and pearls” (Alvarez 8). Evidently, this is a form of foreshadowing that Dede herself did not want to believe. “ A chill goes through her, for she feels it in her bones, the future is now beginning. By the time it is over, it will be the past, and she doesn’t want to be the only one left to tell their story” (Alvarez 10). Fiction eventually becomes reality.


The book’s political nature takes over as the main focus of the Mirabal family’s lives. Alvarez grew up in the Dominican Republic feeling the strong aftermaths of her political society and Trujillo’s strong rule. When beginning her writing career in America, Alvarez also experienced the many riots and protests for women’s rights, segregation, and the Vietnam War, thus greatly influencing her life in both worlds. As the Mirabal sisters mature, they become increasingly involved in the underground revolution. “At the onset, in the sisters’ minds, the idea of a revolution seems glamorous, exciting, and even sexy” (Sirias 55). Las Mariposas recognized a need for change, because Trujillo had the second longest rule in history, over 0 years, and was killing his own people, confiscating property, putting innocent people in jail, and other scandalous atrocities.


The mariposas showed power, courage, resistance and gradually become a symbol for all the other Dominicans. Their high rank among the people, puts a focus on them, eventually leading Trujillo to do something drastic. One night, their Tio (uncle) Pepe is at the house after the sisters have been released from prison and relates a disturbing story to them. While at a reception honoring El Jefe, (informally referring to Trujillo), Tio Pepe overheard El Jefe, who is surrounded by his ‘flies,’ say,


. . . Well, boys, I’ve really only got two problems left. If I could only find the man to resolve them. . .Sure enough the biggest shit lover of all, Pena, says, ‘Jefe, I am at your service. Just tell me your problems and I’ll give my life if needs be-- blah blah blah.’ So El Jefe says, brace yourselves now. He says, looking straight at me, he says, ‘My only two problems are the damn church and the Mirabal sisters.’ (Alvarez 81)


Ultimately, El Jefe’s problems are solved when he hires five of his henchmen to kill the sisters. The morning the three sisters leave Dede shouts, “I don’t want to have to live without you” (Alvarez 66). By now, she had a strong feeling of their fate, she was always nervous each time they drove the treacherous mountain road. Upon driving home from visiting their husbands in jail, a terrible incident occurred. Three of the henchmen each killed a sister, another man killed their driver, while the fifth stood guard on the road. Alvarez’s writing emphasizes the importance of the sisters’ involvement in the political regime. Because of the dangerous lives they led, Patria, Minerva, and Maria Teresa were all murdered, while Alvarez’s own family escaped the sisters’ fate. Six months after Trujillo had the sisters killed, he also met the same fate.


Through the Mirabal sisters lives, Alvarez explores themes that apply to her as well freedom, tyranny, and survival (Discovering Authors ). Although the book was well received with the public and her father, whom she thought would give her the hardest time (Authors and Artists for Young Adults ). Her mother did not like it, as she felt the book was “so similar to the Alvarez’s family story” (Authors and Artists for Young Adults ). The inside covers of her book are filled with the names of men and women who were murdered by Trujillo, in a way resembling the wall at the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C., with both a tribute to patriotic anonymity.


Alvarez grew up in hard times in both countries. “Back in the 160’s it was hard going to keep a sense of identity, both as a Dominican and as an American” (Women of Hope ). They were very few role models of Latino writers and little sense of community, when Alvarez grew up (Women of Hope ). In some ways Alvarez has set the precedent for more Latino writers, who are now more recognized. Mario Vargas Llosa, a Peruvian writer, read the Spanish language version of, En el Tiempo de Las Mariposas, (In the Time of the Butterflies), and was inspired to write his most recent novel, La Fiesta del Chivo, which focuses on Trujillo’s dictatorship as well. Seen here is that other American Latino writers as well as Alvarez, are the subjects of literary cross-pollination. Sandra Cisneros, Denise Chavez, and Ana Castilo are some of the new writers whose work she is excited about that is recently being discovered by the younger audience (Women of Hope ). It only takes one person to set the unveiling, to what is now referred to as the Latino music invasion. Years ago, Gloria Estefan was singing herein America, but was not yet well recognized. Ricky Martin came over and shook his butt, and the next thing America is seeing are the faces of Marc Anthony, Jennifer Lopez, Enrique Iglesias, and Shakira. Christina Maria Aguilera suddenly wasn’t afraid to say, “Hey, I’m a Latina and I speak Spanish.” The same case is being seen now in the literature world, as many more Latin writers are emerging. . . . How many times did I hear,’ los hombres son de calle, las mujeres de su casa.’ Men belong to the streets (the world), women belong at home. Latinas of my generation were not encouraged to have public voices or to seek any fulfillment outside the parameters of la familia and the church. (McClellan 1)


Unjustly, the women were treated inferior to the men. Latino men are suppose to embody bravery, strength, power, and importance. The man rules over woman, thus men fell entitled to control the behavior of women. Consequently, women are deprived of many professions, privileges, and freedoms because of this control (Sirias 7). Alvarez implies that courage is what kept the Mirabal sisters going, and it gave her her own strength to be a writer. She felt at odds when she became a writer, for in her culture that was not customary. The women stayed at home and raised the children. So, to go outside her own culture and tell stories from the American point of view was sacrificing her own upbringing and all she had known. There was an instance once, when a son wanted to become a doctor. His father, who had immigrated to the United States, realized their place in American society. He told his son that those weren’t jobs they did and would not allow him to pursue that career. It was in a way a disgrace to his family to even think of going outside that line that divided them, Mexican-Americans from the Americans, he should have been proud of what he already was, his heritage and the qualities that came with that.


Julia Alvarez also focuses on the double-standards between men and women. A few decades ago when being a woman had no privileges and rights, they now have equal opportunities. Examples are men having affairs and experimenting with their sexuality. Don Enrique, the father of the Mirabal sisters, was discovered to have a whole other family, a mistress and four daughters (Sirias 80). Nelson, Patria’s son was having sex with a young widow. Patria, being shocked since he was only seventeen, asked her husband Pedrito to talk to him, instead of being alarmed as was Patria he was prideful at the fact he was entering the sexual world early (Sirias 80). Later, Patria also expresses her approval. “But I didn’t resent her, no. She delivered my son gently into manhood from his boyhood, something a mother cannot possibly do” (Alvarez 15). Were the main focus here a women, she would have been horribly scrutinized against, especially in this day, being called a whore, slut and other degrading names.


From being a woman, to an ethnic writer, is distinguishing of Julia Alvarez. Her ethnicity differentiates her from any other mainstream author. Alvarez states, “because I am a Latina, there are certain themes, concerns, ways of focusing subjects to which I gravitate” (Sirias 14). In fact because of their shared heritage, many themes are common among these writers “the importance of family, the importance of religion, acculturation, cultural displacement, assimilation, politics, racism, machismo, superstition, generational differences and so on” (Sirias 14). “I am a Dominican, hyphen, American,’ she comments. ‘As a fiction writer, I find that the most exciting things happen in the realm of the hyphen--the place where two worlds collide or blend together” (Walker 1). Alvarez’s point of view is delightfully positive, joining two different cultures together, especially when in America where segregation shaped many people’s opinions for the worse, normally leaving a permanent position in people’s minds of not to mix the races.


Julia Alvarez’s lasting influence because of her writing on culture is being seen everyday. At a book signing in Tempe, Arizona for Julia Alvarez, many people were sharing their own personal stories dealing with their culture, as a Dominican. One young woman was especially touched, as she related to Mrs. Alvarez that her parents, who used to live in the Dominican Republic, acted as if it was a topic that was not discussed, it was “hush-hush,” and by reading her books, it helped understand her own culture and what her parents went through. Another young woman, also a Dominicana, started to cry and expressed to everyone that through her books, Alvarez was telling her own mother’s story and how she escaped the Dominican Republic and Trujillo’s harsh rule. Tears came to everyone’s eyes as it was extremely heartwarming, the effect this one woman, a talented writer, can have on people.


As one can see Julia Alvarez’s bicultural life and distressing childhood


experiences in America greatly influence her writing and therein her controversial themes and lasting mark in not only our culture, but others as well. She still experiences racism and prejudice today. “As Julia Alvarez stepped up to give a talk about her first novel... a Dominican girl in the audience turned to her friend and said, ‘What she got to say to us? She’s a white girl’” (Authors and Artists for Young Adults 1). Now, though, she has a way to deal with that, writing, a talent she acquired from people like these two girls, they gave her a reason to write. Such issues as immigration, alienation, heritage, identity, sacrifice, fear, abuse, violence, and rebellion are what gravitate readers to Alvarez’s writing (Sirias 8). For these themes are real in life, not just something written about in a book. Her unique experiences combined with natural history make her writing diverse from that of any American or Hispanic writer.




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Working at Mcdonalds

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You know, I used to work at Mcdonalds, getting paid minimum wage. You know what it means when they pay you minimum wage?


It means they dont give a damn about you. You know what they are trying to tell you? They are trying to say, hey if I could pay you less I would but its against the law. The boss even has the guts to come and say how you are doing. I mean he knows how the hell I am doing. How the hell can I be doing anything with this little bit ojf money you have been paying me.


Have you ever been in the Mcdonald line and there is this guy that doesnt have money for anything. He has


I think mining should not be allowed in Antarctica and here are my reasons


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Antarctica is a beautiful place with its spectacular view. This magnificent continent is larger than either Europe or Australia, with Ice and snow covering 8 percent of Antarctica. Antarctica is the most extraordinary continent in the world. The Antarctic ice sheet is the worlds largest, and contains about seven-tenths of the world’s fresh water. This stunning and tremendous land is home to many animals such as penguins, polar bears, seals, whales, fish and much, much more. Most extraordinary of all facts is that Antarctica is actually a desert. Amazingly it gets the same amount of rain as the Sahara desert which is in fact less then 50mm. It is so cold and freezing in Antarctica that the temperature can even reach -8 Degrees Celsius.


Antarctica is the last vast wilderness on the planet. Its gigantic icebergs, mountain ranges and the emptiness of the polar plateau boggle the mind, while its temperatures, winds and weather send shivers down the spine. Its a place of extremes - beautiful and serene, savage and violent - and its scale is almost vast whether youre on the ground or viewing it from an aircraft.


The last decade has shown, much to the relief of many, tourism, no mining or oil drilling which has effected Antarcticas growth industry. Theres a good chance that the continent will remain a free and clean place of international cooperation and a better place.


Antarctica is a special place because it has less pollution than anywhere else in the world. It doesn’t have any smokestack industry, agricultural activity or permanent human population. From this point of view, Antarctica will only remain scientifically valuable if it is properly managed today with no mining or anything which can harm or destroy this splendid and gorgeous place. But unfortunately today dark shadows of pollution are looming over this remote continent and has to be stopped.


You may have heard about global warming. It seems that in the last 100 years the earths temperature has increased about half a degree Celsius. This may not sound like much, but even half a degree can have an effect on our planet. The main ice covered landmass is Antarctica at the South Pole, with about 0 percent of the worlds ice and 70 percent of its fresh water. Antarctica is covered with ice an average of ,1 meters which is about 7,000 feet thick. If all of the Antarctic ice melted, sea levels around the world would rise about 61 meters or ,000 feet. Which can be very harmful, but we can prevent this by causing less pollution and allowing no mining in Antarctica. But if pollution or mining was allowed in Antarctica then Antarctica will then become a garbage dump and effect us.


This historic site made a deep impression upon all on us. With its uniqueness and its beauty. Antarctica is also a wonder of scientific interest and the largest area on earth containing World Heritage Values. Mining is banned in the Antarctic by the Antarctic Treaty, and there are no known future plans by the Antarctic Treaty nations to reverse this decision.


In past times it was only heroes, scientists and explorers whoever visited the frozen expanses of the Antarctic - the coldest, windiest, iciest, driest, most barren and remote area in the world. To discover the uniqueness and the extraordinary wonders of this continent. Now when we think of Antarctica we think about its magnificence and beauty and also how important this continent is to us. We also think about the animals which live in and Antarctica and how they might die if mining or pollution was allowed in Antarctica.


So with all this information should we consider the fact that mining should be allowed in Antarctica? Well I certainly think no.





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Air Travel

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Southwest Airlines Co. (Southwest) is a major domestic airline that provides primarily shorthaul, high frequency, point-to-point, low-fare service. Southwest was incorporated in Texas and commenced Customer Service on June 18, 171 with three Boeing 77 aircraft serving three Texas cities - Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Today Southwest operates over 00 Boeing 77 aircraft in 58 cities. Southwest has the lowest operating cost structure in the domestic airline industry and consistently offers the lowest and simplest fares. Southwest also has one of the best overall Customer Service records. LUV is their stock exchange symbol, selected to represent our home at Dallas Love Field, as well as the theme of their Employee and Customer relationships.


Objective and Scope


‘The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit.’ (SouthWest.com)


Southwest Airlines will fly any plane, as long its a Boeing 77, and let passengers sit anywhere they like, as long as they get there first. Sticking with what works, Southwest has expanded its low-cost, no-frills, no-reserved-seats approach to air travel throughout the US to serve about 60 cities in 0 states. To curb maintenance and training costs, the airline uses only Boeing 77s; it operates about 60. Southwest offers ticketless travel to trim back-office costs and operates its own reservation system. The airline boasts a highly participative


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corporate culture and only one strike during its 0-year history. It has also enjoyed straight profitable years. Southwest is expanding service to the eastern US.


Location Strategy





Southwest currently serves 5 airports in 58 cities in 0 states. Based


in Dallas, Southwest currently operates more than ,700 flights a day.


The objective of location strategy is to maximize the benefit of location to the firm. Companies make location decisions relatively infrequently, usually because demand has outgrown the current plants capacity or because of changes in labor productivity, exchange rates, costs, or local attitudes.


Location options include


· Expanding an existing facility instead of moving


· Staying at current location while opening branches elsewhere


· Shutting down existing location and starting over at a new one.


There are 5 factors that effect location decisions. They are


1. Market economics


. Better international communications


. More rapid travel operations


4. Ease of capital flow between branches


5. Cheaper labor


For example, Southwest airlines recently accounced future growth plans. On June , 00, Southwest will initiate new nonstop service between Chicago Midway and San Diego with three daily nonstop flights. A seven-day advance purchase fare of $8 each way based on a round-trip purchase is available on this new nonstop service through June . On the same day, Southwest also will add two daily nonstop flights between Phoenix and Orange County, bringing to five the total of daily nonstop round-trip flights between the two cities. Southwest


Airlines are utilizing the location strategy of staying at current location while opening branches elsewhere.


Managing Quality


Managing Quality is essential to any business. Quality, itself, is the ability of a product or service to meet customer needs. Quality does not only rely on the


typical finished goods or related services. Quality is based on and encompasses many different aspects. Quality is important because it is used as a basis for a company’s reputation. Perceptions about a company’s goods and services can be based on the reputation, whether good and bad. Southwest ranked second among companies across all industry groups, and first in the airline industry in the magazine’s 00 America’s Most Admired Companies List.


At Southwest Airlines, they have always governed the way they conduct business. It highlights their desire to serve Customers and gives Southwest direction when o make service-related decisions. Southwest feels it is another way of saying, we always try to do the right thing!. Their customer focus and commitment has led the way to the airline industrys best cumulative consumer satisfaction record, according to statistics accumulated and published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. In addition, Southwest’s bold decision to maintain its operations at status quo post-September 11 has enabled it to gain market share. However, as the industry continues to ‘ramp up’, industry pricing is likely to remain under pressure.


Key Investment Positives


Southwest is regarded as the best situated US airline (Citigroup valuation). Southwest possesses the lowest unit operating costs and the strongest financial position. With the rest of the commercial airline system having cut about 0% capacity following the terrorist assaults (NY Times November 1, 00), only


Southwest has maintained its full flight schedule. The airline is likely to gain market share, because some other carriers have shut down their low-cost airline subsidiaries. Southwest could benefit in the intermediate term it maintains the status quo. It concentrates mainly on flights to small cities, avoiding congested airports in metropolitan areas. Moreover, Airline industry officials generally believe that larger, international carriers more likely be terrorism targets. Southwest should start growing again before the rest of the industry, as the airline is to expand capacity by taking delivery of new planes throughout 00. This will further accelerate Southwest’s market-share gains.


Financial Strength


Southwest in financial terms is the strongest carrier in the United States, if not the world. The company generated positive cash flows and was profitable in the 4th quarter of 001 (Southwest’s annual report), when the rest of the US Airline industry had losses totaling about $ billion in the worst period in aviation history. Southwest’s ratio of debt to total capitalization was 40% at the end of 001, when the company had $. billion in cash. Southwest focuses on short-term stabilization and maintenance of its cash position. Lower fuel prices and travel-agent commissions should produce about $80 million in annual savings, offsetting expected security and insurance costs. Southwest plans to increase yields and fares steadily through 00, though revenue per available seat mile faces pressure from weak demand. The airline’s capital spending in 001 totaled


almost $1 billion, and Southwest has targeted outlays of about $600 million for 00 and $1.1 billion for 00.


Simple Operating Model with Low Cost Structure


Southwest’s use of only one aircraft type, the Boeing 77, and its no-frills service and ticketless operations have enabled the carrier to maintain a low-cost structure, compared with its competitors. Southwest does not operate a hub and spoke system and does not have any international operations. Thus, security will not be as difficult for Southwest to enforce as anticipated for most other carriers.


Capacity Expansion


With many airlines worldwide having pared capacity 0% because of the unprecedented drop in customer demand following the hijacking attacks, the jetliner market is glutted and Southwest could buy used 77s at low prices. The carrier did not reduce its capacity after the terrorists attacks. As the rest of the industry struggles to resume growth, Southwest plans to receive 1 new aircrafts and will retire some older planes over the course of 00, for a net addition of 11 airplanes representing capacity expansion of .5 to 4 %. The airline plans an annual capacity growth rate of 8% through 01.


Growth Opportunities


The airline has a history of communities petitioning for its service, which, in addition to market-share shifts to Southwest from the industry’s capacity reduction, should provide ample growth prospects. The chance to add aircraft at bargain prices could open the door for Southwest to augment its growth by becoming more of a contender in markets for long-haul flights, which account for only 15% of the routes in its system now. Southwest could shift its short-haul strategy to enter long-haul markets more aggressively. The airline may be a viable competitor to high-cost carriers in specific markets.


Internet Site


Southwest.com is one of the world’s busiest travel sites on the Web. The airline has added features for rental-car and hotel reservations to its Internet site, and plans more additions.


Productivity Advantage


Southwest derives its cost advantage from productivity and not labor-rate advantages. Southwest will need to continue to pay a market wage, but that it should be more successful than other carriers in achieving productivity gains to offset any increases. Therefore, the cost gap between Southwest and the rest of the industry could grow if airline consolidation continues.


Personnel Needs


Southwest employees more than ,000 employees throughout their system. Last year alone, Southwest reviewed 14,81 resumes, which resulted in 6,406 new hire employees in 001. Successful candidates must be an altruistic, outgoing person who likes to serve others and enjoys working with a team, we want you. If youre the kind of person who enjoys a more secure, more regimented, more inflexible, more rule-governed type of environment, that doesnt mean that youre a bad person, you are not compatible with Southwest’s personnel needs. Southwest has not had contested labor negotiations, which have occurred in most of the Airline industry. Agreements on new contracts should be reached more easily, as about 100,000 workers in the industry have been furloughed because of travel slump; Southwest has remained steadfast in not laying off any employees. Though Southwest appears mindful of gains by labor at other carriers, its pilots’ fortunes, i.e. stock options, have soared with the airline. Its pilots also are free to realize gains when options vest, rather than wait for retirement.


Key Investment Risks


Southwest’s operations make the carrier more appealing to the leisure traveler than the business traveler. In economic downturns, leisure travelers may reduce or eliminate discretionary travel.


Safety Concerns and Costs


Airlines face additional costs for new security procedures in the industry. New rules on luggage require all checked bags and their owners to be aboard each plane to get clearance. Also, starting in December 00, airlines must screen all luggage, which will require expensive new detection machines, installation of which also necessitate costly renovations at airports.


Increased Competition


In some markets, Southwest faces low-fare, low-cost airline alternatives. And other low-cost operators, JetBlue, have entered long-haul markets profitably. Southwest also is subject to competition form surface transportation, i.e. cars, trains, owing to the carriers short-haul routes.


Lack of Alliances with Other Airlines


These alliances provide passengers from other airlines to complete itineraries.


Financial Statistics (money.com)


Southwest Airlines Co. (LUV)Industry Airlines Current P/E 1.5


Last Updated 0-Apr-0


Analyst Consensus Recommendation .


1.0 - 1.5 Strong Buy 1.6 - .5 Buy .6 - .5 Hold .6 - 4.5 Underperform 4.6 - 5.0 Sell


Qtr Mar/00 Qtr Jun/00 FY Dec/00 FY Dec/00


Current Mean EPS 0.04 0.18 0.61 0.


Number of Brokers 1 10 1 11


Year Ago EPS 0.15 0. 0.51 0.61


Current High 0.07 0. 0.6 1.08


Current Low 0.00 0.1 0.50 0.70


Median 0.04 0.1 0.6 1.00


Standard Deviation 0.0 0.0 0.06 0.11


Current vs. Year Ago -7% -18% 1% 5%


Report Date 1-Apr-00(week of) 1-Jul-00(week of)


Reported Quarters


Last Qtr Qtrs Ago Qtrs Ago 4 Qtrs Ago


Previous Estimate 0.00 0.10 0. 0.15


Previous Actual EPS 0.04 0.10 0. 0.15


Earnings Estimate Revisions and Trends


QtrMar/00 QtrJun/00 FYDec/00 FYDec/00


Current Mean 0.04 0.18 0.61 0.


7-Days Ago Mean 0.04 0.18 0.61 0.


0-Days Ago Mean 0.06 0.1 0.65 0.5


60-Days Ago Mean 0.06 0.1 0.65 0.5


0-Days Ago Mean 0.05 0.18 0.6 0.7


Up Revisions Last 7 Days 0 0 0 0


Up Revisions Last 0 Days 0 0 0 0


Down Revisions Last 7 Days 1 0 1 0


Down Revisions Last 0 Days 8 4 8


Consensus Recommendations Long Term Growth Rates





Current Mean . Next 5 Years - Median 1.5


Number of Brokers 1 Number of Brokers 10


Industry Mean .1 Industry Growth Rate .1


7-Days Ago Mean .4 Next 5 Years High 0.0


0-Days Ago Mean . Next 5 Years Low 10.0


60-Days Ago Mean .


0-Days Ago Mean . Last 5 Years Actual 7.


Sector Mean .16


WSJ/DJ US Mean .1


Comparative Estimates and Trends


Qtr Jun Qtr Jun CY 00 CY 00


Company 0.0 0.18 0.60 0.


Current vs. Year Ago Change -80% -18% 17% 5%


Industry - Airlines -.8 NA -15.65 .18


Current vs. Year Ago Change -70% NA 5% 158%


Sector - Consumer Cyclicals .8 .45 .11 1.7


Current vs. Year Ago Change 4% 111% 6% 5%


WSJ/DJ US - Universe .87 .70 11.84 14.71


Current vs. Year Ago Change 14% 17% 0% 4%


Ratios Relative To Company Industry Sector WSJ/DJ US


P/E on Calendar Year Mean 1.6 NA 0.0 .0


PEG on Calendar Year Mean 1.6 NA .6 1.7


Sources used


www.fortune.com


www.money.com


www.southwest.com


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Tades history

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Source G is a militia list that shows data of the different occupations people had in 1761 and in 1780. Both lists contain certain occupations and businesses that require certain skills such as a barber, plumber and an apothecary. Those jobs would require the knowledge to perform such trades and so the people living in Fore Street must have had the education to learn such skills.


Source Q is a plan of Hatfield in 1780. On the map it shows Fore Street and lists the names of businesses and trades which run along the road. Again there is a lot of skilled workers and some businesses, which would only have customers that were fortunate enough to use the trades and services. For instance there is a surgeon and a wigmaker living in the street these sort of people offered there services to only those that could afford it showing that there must have been wealthy people living in Fore Street at the time or such services wouldn’t have been available as they would not be able to earn a profit.


Source M is a Pigot’s Trade Directory from 1855. It lists all of the trades and businesses that were in Fore Street at the time. We can see again that there is the common pattern of skilled workers even as time goes on. For instance the tailor requires great skill in making good quality clothes for the rich showing there was a high status in Fore Street.


Source I is an extract from the 1871 census concerning Fore Street. As time has progressed we can see now that Fore Street is beginning to have important people living there such as landowners who of course must have the wealth in order to own the land and so this adds towards the fact that Fore Street seemed to have a higher status than other places.


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Source R is a plan of Hatfield in 101. We can see it has great similarities in its trades with Source Q. And so over a period of time from 1780-101 we can see that it still has the same workers. But there’s is a slight change in the fact that in 101 there is no surgeon or wigmaker living in the street unlike in source Q and there are a lot more pubs as time progressed. And so each of these sources proves overall that Fore Street was above average and did change over a period of time.



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How IT has changed society and how society has changed technology?

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The term “ technological determinism / determinist ” can mean many things. The term, in the way I am going to be using it, “technological determinist” means; A point of view that a person has that has been derived from a technology perspective. However, the interpretation of this is a person who believes that we have come to a point in time where the technology or the utilisation of technology has shaped society.


Technology changed society?


The Car Industry


Take the manufacturing of cars as an example. In the past, when the mass production of cars came into existence, the work was all manual labour and there wasn’t much mechanised equipment back in those days. Not much later robotics was introduced into the car manufacturing industry, which was what the industry needed.


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Now days the car manufacturing industry is at its peak. The car industry has changed beyond recognition, yet there is still a human factor involved. Since the robots have been introduced a lot of good has come from them. One would be that production line only needs to employ a certain amount of people so the cost of production is low. The price of cars is relatively cheaper.


From a technological determinist’s point of view, the society has been shaped by the introduction of this technology. One way of looking at it would be that with the introduction of this technology society has gained a lot of ground with the means of transportation. We cannot live without having a means of travel in this day and age; it’s a necessity.


Society changed technology?


Mobile Phones


From a Marxist’s point of view you would argue that no, its not technology that has changed society but its society that has changed the shape of technology. A good example of this would be mobile phones. As we have seen past trends, if the demand is there then the products will follow suite.


As you are well aware that when the mobile phones were first introduced the phones were bulky, heavy and notoriously unpopular because of their size, appearance the kind of ringtones. However, because the public has had such a high demand of mobile technology the technology itself has changed dramatically during the past five to six years.


As the demand for mobiles is still growing the manufacturers are increasing pressure to provide better-equipped handsets that can cope with the increasing demand for information on the move. Thus the Marxist theory comes into practice where by you have the notion that society indeed has shaped the technology is and the way it’s manufactured.


Technology changed society?


PC’s


The introduction of the PC’s has changed the way we work, play, and communicate. If you look back to the way we used to communicate you’ll notice that the way we communicate now is not all that different from say twenty to thirty ago. In the past we had telephone’s a verbal means of communicating and the postal service, which although written and indirect was and is still a good means of communication.


The way we go about communicating with others is in essence pretty much the but with key developments that enable us to have real-time conversations with others. Who maybe miles away or just round the corner. Programs such as msn-messenger, Trillan and many others have enabled us to have these real-time conversations.


In business, the use of computers and information systems has progressed on to the next level; where by some computer’s function as expert systems, or knowledge based systems. If the computers were to be removed from some firms will be crippled and unable to function in the business world. A technological determinist’s view of this situation would suggest that indeed, the introduction of computer technology has shaped society in some sense. A Marxist point of view would argue that, because there was a demand for a new and easier way to do business and to communicate technology has had a logical progression.


Society changed technology?


Car Navigation and Traffic Reports


The development of these two technologies has been gradual to say the least. Society has changed some technology to better serve its needs. At first glance you think that how have these two technologies been changed and shaped by technology? Well its all quite straight forward, some people cannot read a map so the navigation system was developed for them. However, the system can be used by those individuals who can read maps.


It makes it a good invention and it’s easy to understand. While the traffic system has been incorporated into some radio / cassette but not all. These two technologies have profound impacts however; not everyone is so forefront and is willing to spend money on these added extras. A good idea that has not really taken off the ground.


A Marxist view on this would be that indeed society has shaped technology, however, even though they have shaped it, what would be the point if they do not make use of this technology? A technological determinist’s view on this would be that maybe the society did not give birth to the technology but the technology shaped a small part of society.


In conclusion I have found that though many technologies have been born from society there is evidence that some technology have shaped the society at large. I feel that in the age we live in it is difficult to know which technology has shaped socieey and which has been shaped by society.


I feel that there is no clear way in which I can agree with the technological deterministic or a Marxist view. There are points to both of these argeuments that state there is truth in both viewpoints.


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The Atmosphere of Doom in The Raven

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The Atmosphere of Doom in The Raven


Edgar Allan Poe’s life was unarguably the most awful lived by any one of the Romantic poets. The forty years that he lived were marked by death, severe depression, and insanity; themes that are recurrent in much of his poetry. Poe’s terrible life has an obvious influence on the atmosphere of impending doom that Poe creates in the poem The Raven.


One of the literary techniques that Poe makes use of in The Raven is diction. The mood and tone of the poem progress through Poe’s skillful use of alliteration and word choice. Poe begins the poem at a sad, somewhat tired pace with alliteration such as “nodded, nearly napping,” and “silken, sad, uncertain.” The pace of the poem quickens with the appearance of the “ghastly grim” raven who is “followed fast” by disaster. These two examples of clever alliteration show how the mood has changed from sad into frightening and how the tone has changed from slow and uncertain into fast and alarming. The mood continues to become more doom laden as the poem progresses and the speaker becomes more and more aware of the raven’s “horror haunted” purpose. The tone as well continues to quicken as the air grows “denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.” This quote uses alliteration and skillful word choice as well as imagery to create an atmosphere of impending doom through the mood and tone.


Poe uses the literary technique of imagery in his poem to create an atmosphere of imminent doom. There is no progression with Poe’s imagery as there is with his alliteration and word choice, but rather there is an equal sense of doom throughout the poem. One of the first images that Poe creates is that of a “dying ember [that] wrought[s] its ghost upon the floor.” This image of the dying ember that makes the shape of a ghost on the floor foreshadows the death of the speaker at the end of the poem when his “soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted  nevermore!” The image of the “stately raven” “with mien of lord or lady” is one of a calm and composed “ebony bird” brings to mind the being death. Death is portrayed as an unruffled, stately being with an air of importance as is the raven. There is enough evidence through imagery alone in the poem to prove that the raven is a symbol of death. Another image that corresponds directly with the theme of impending doom is the image of “the air [growing] denser.” Air becoming denser is often a symptom of forthcoming doom in literature. The images that Poe skillfully includes in his poem help to create an atmosphere of imminent doom.


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Poe makes use of the formal elements of poetry; rhyme, repetition, and meter in his poem to create an atmosphere of approaching doom. The rhyme scheme of this poem is ABCBBB, this ongoing rhyming of the second, fourth, fifth, and sixth lines creates a rhythm and continuity that leads the speaker onward towards the end of the poem where doom is looming. The second, fourth, fifth, and sixth lines in the first stanza rhyme with their equivalent lines in the following stanzas as well as with each other. For example, in the first stanza lore, door, door, and more correspond respectively with floor, Lenore, Lenore, and evermore of the second stanza. Again, this repetition of the same rhyme scheme and the same continuing rhyme creates rhythm and continuity that leads the reader closer and closer to idea of doom. The repetition of the last words of the fourth and fifth lines of each stanza also contributes to the progression of the atmosphere of the poem. The repetition of words creates a sense of urgency in the poem that causes the reader to read quicker and with a heightened sense of pressure.


Poe’s use of the literary techniques diction, imagery, and form in his poem The Raven help to create an atmosphere of impending doom. All of these literary devices help to create an atmosphere of foreboding that culminates in the death of the speaker. Poe uses alliteration and word choice to show the progress of the mood and tone of the poem which presents an atmosphere of doom to the reader. Poe uses imagery to create a representation of death and of imminent doom. Poe makes use of the formal elements of poetry with his rhyme scheme, meter, and repetition contributing to an atmosphere of doom. Through literary devices Edgar Allan Poe was able to convey an atmosphere of imminent doom in his poem The Raven.


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Dieppe

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There were many different things going on at this time in July 14. The Germans were deep into Russian territory. The allied forces were facing the Germans at the English Channel, and were planning a full-scale invasion of Western Europe, but the time was not right to do it, so they decided to raid the port in Dieppe, France.


The main reason for the raid was to take the German’s attention away from Western Europe, and make them focus more on what was happening in England and try to con them into putting more men at the Channel. This would also give them an opportunity to use new types of weaponry and different techniques they may be able to use on the opponents from Germany. The weather was tough in Dieppe for the month of July, so there were plans to not even attempt the raid on Dieppe, but they did.


On August 1, 14, the allies raided Dieppe, led by the Canadians as the main unit. The attack involved 6,100 troops, and roughly 5,000 of those troops were Canadian. The rest of the troops in the raid were either American or British.


The raid involved 8 allied destroyers, and 74 air squadrons. There was roughly 16 kilometers of beach along the port of Dieppe, and there were 4 attacks taking place on the beach and one raid, taking place on the actual town of Dieppe. Each force was assigned a place to attack, which included Pourville, Puys, Berneval, and Varengeville.


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While troops were going towards the eastern coast, they encountered a small German convoy that alerted the German defenses that were on the water. That was not the least of their problems, as they were going through the narrow beaches of Puys, there tactic of getting there was surprise, and darkness; yet neither of them worked. As they were delayed getting upon the shore, they encountered daylight, and the German machine guns had clear fire. Only a few troops were actually able to get over the seawall, but there were to few to do any damage. The rest of the troops were pinned down on the beaches, shooting at machine guns, and were forced to surrender. Of all the troops that landed, 00 had died on the beach and 0 later died of severe wounds. This was the worst one day total of deaths that the Canadians had encountered throughout the war so far. This failure to clear the eastern part of the beach allowed the Germans to invalidate the main attack.


Meanwhile some surprise was achieved on the western coast as they went in according to plan and destroyed the guns in the battery near Varengeville, and got out safely.


At Pourville there was a good degree of surprise as the contingent faced light competition on the beaches, but the competition became harder as they advanced three kilometers before they were forced to halt. While withdrawing from their mission and going back, many were killed or wounded, but because of their courage, many of the troops got back safely and reunited. But the same was not to be said for the rearguard, as it was decimated and were forced to surrender because they ran out of ammunition.


Half an hour after these smaller missions, there was the main assault, which was to get into the town of Dieppe. There was heavy assault from the German machine guns that were placed atop the cliffs. One group got through and over the seawall, and to the town, but there was a false message sent to the ships saying that they were dying, so they sent more people in that got pinned down with intense German machine gun fire. With the raid, came along a tremendous air battle, which had left the allies down 106 aircrafts, all in one day.


This begs the question, was the raid necessary as a stepping-stone in the war, for the years to come or useless. Some argue that without this D-Day would not have been a success, others argue that it was a useless bloodbath, where many lost their lives. Of the 5,000 Canadians who left for the raid, only ,10 returned, and many of these men were wounded. There were ,67 casualties, including 1,46 prisoners of war; 07 Canadians lost their lives in the Dieppe raid. That leaves the question for each and every individual to think about. Was the Dieppe Raid, worth the casualties?


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World Of Affairs

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It’s a Small World, after All


The world is a happy place where people are sympathetic with one another and united despite their differences this message encapsulates one particular understanding of the world in which the normal condition is one of harmony and accord, where people are naturally good and kind.


From this perspective on international politics, cooperation is normal, understanding between people is easy once we get to know one another, and disputes are superficial anomalies that can be resolved amicably. (Ties in with piece on Liberalism in lecture notes)


People can and ultimately must understand and accommodate each other.


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Star Wars


Different view of the world conflict between good and evil. This perspective is the exact opposite of the idealistic view in which conflicts are resolvable by peaceful means and all people are naturally sympathetic with one another.


In this view, evil persons create conflicts and seek to defeat the forces of truth, justice, and ‘the American Way’. World politics is fundamentally a struggle between evil states and good states. Tension in the world is created by evil states that seek to gain at the expense of weaker nations.


Wars do not start because of the situation in which states find themselves, but rather because of the aggressive intentions of evil states or leaders.


These two views suggest either that the natural order of humanity is harmonious, or that history is a conflict between the forces of light and those of darkness. These contrasting interpretations are necessitated by the fact that there is no automatic order in the international system. In domestic politics, there are legal norms that are enforceable on individuals. In world politics, however, no one rules over the states.
 

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Cannery Row and “The Chrysanthemums”

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Throughout time, much has been discussed about the roles in which women and men have played. Men have always been seen as leaders and have held down positions of power throughout history, but there is also a saying “behind every man is a greater woman”. Although women had been restricted in gaining roles in which decisions were to be made, they had been able to use the influence of feminine charms and gentle persuasion. Through gently guiding their men folk into believing that the idea or the thought was there own. Men have been bought up with the notion to protect, whilst women had been bought up with the notion to nurture. John Steinbeck’s two narrative texts, Cannery Row and “The Chrysanthemums” both convey the values and attitudes of the 10’s, which are revealed through class and gender. Through the use of class representation, Steinbeck has managed to comment on poverty, different levels of class in society and also how people are judged on their material possessions and on the amount of money they earn. Through the use of gender Steinbeck has commented on the stereotypes of gender, genders place in society and how certain genders try to overcome their stereotype. These values and attitudes are conveyed through the establishment of the characters in both texts.


In the novel Cannery Row, John Steinbeck develops the structure within the society and demonstrates and creates characters that do whatever it takes to survive in life. Where as in the short story “The Chrysanthemum-s”, he writes about how life evolves. These meanings are produced through the use of Darwin’s Theory.


“A man looking at reality brings his own limitations to the world, if he has strength and energy of mind the tide pool stretches both ways, digs back to electrons and leaps space into universe and fights out of the moment of non-conceptual time. Then ecology has a synonym which is ALL”


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Steinbeck relates life culture, values and class of Cannery Road to the structures of the tidal pools. The story is set in the after hours, when the Cannery has closed, when the workers have left and only the inhabitants of the street are left. As within the tidal pool, when the tide recedes and the ocean draws back, the tidal pools are still full of life, the remnants left behind. The different life structures of the tidal pool directly relate with the social structure of Cannery Row. The lowest status at the bottom of the pool (the mussels and limpets), above the starfish who feed on them, the eels who hide in crevices, only coming out to feed. Hermit crabs scampering on the bottom, always on the lookout for an empty shell, which might be bigger and better than the one, they have. All to be silenced when the tide comes back in, but to start all over again when it recedes and the ocean draws back.


When the Cannery has closed the story revolves around the people left behind. Mack and the boys are at the bottom end of the social structure, the scavengers, who feed on everyone else. They don’t work unless they have to, who would rather steal or exchange favours than to put themselves out of pocket. Then there is Mr and Mrs Malloy who are the hermit crabs, looking for something bigger and better but having to make do with the pipe. Although they make it their home, they are always trying to improve upon it, hoping to make it more acceptable. Dora and the girls are higher in the social structure, only because they are able to earn money and have somewhere safe and warm to live. They would not be able to climb any higher in their status not only due to the fact that they are women but because of their profession. Lee Chong and his family are well respected because they are business owners and they supply the street with all their needs and wants. Unfortunately their status would not change because they are immigrants and during the period time of the book, immigrants were not highly rated. Doc is at the top of the social structure. He is an educated man. Everyone looks up to Doc because he is what they all strive to be. He has his own home, a job and because he is a scholar, he is well respected.


As with the story Cannery Row, Darwin’s theory also relates to “The Chrysanthemums” but in a different way. Where as Cannery Row uses the tidal pool, The short story “The Chrysanthemums” uses the reproduction and growth of the plants and flowers to portray the hardships and pitfalls of life.


“She took off a glove and put her strong fingers down into the forest of new green chrysanthemums sprouts that were growing round the old roots. She spread the leaves and looked down among the close-growing stems. No aphids were there, no sow bugs nor snails nor cutworms. Her terrier fingers destroy such pests before they could get started.”


The plants start off as small stalks with a few buds. Through careful planting, making sure they are in the right soil, water and sunshine they begin to grow and bloom. There are dangers from pests such as snails and aphids, from frosts and droughts but with careful nurturing they grow into strong healthy plants. Plant them in the wrong soil and it may prevent growth, forget to nurture and they may not bloom. Elisa is on the farm and although she is happy enough, her growth is stunted and she has forgotten to bloom. When the pedlar arrived he showed an interest in her and treated her as an intelligent person. He saw she loved her chrysanthemums and by showing an interest, Elisa began to bloom. While he paid her compliments and listened to her, her eyes began to sparkle, her movements became more confidant and she became “alive”. Through his nurturing, she began to grow. But as with the pitfalls of the chrysanthemums (the bugs and the elements), when Elisa saw the remains of her chrysanthemums on the road, her confidence began to wane, the sparkle began to lessen and she reverted back to her old self. The story portrayed that with the right conditions life can grow and expand but you must be prepared for pitfalls.


In the 10’s, women were to be seen but not heard. Their place was in the home was to raise babies, provide dinner for the man of the house and to nurture her family. A mans place was to be seen as the money earner, providing for his family. Women were stereotyped as “weak” and men were stereotyped as “strong”. In the short story “The Chrysanthemums” Steinbeck follows these stereotypes to construct his main characters Elisa and Henry.


“A light wind blew up from the SouthWest so that the farmers were mildly hopeful of a good rain before long but fog and rain do not go together”.


Elisa’s character at the beginning of the short story was portrayed as a farmers-wife who knew her place in society and in the marriage. As the story progressed Elisa was portrayed with more confidence, and became stronger within herself and it became more evident through her actions and dialogue. This quote is a metaphor, which focuses on strength and the female gender. The strength being Elisa’s new found hope in herself and the female stereotype gender of “weak”. When relating this to a woman in the 10’s, although it was not uncommon for women to be strong, it was just unusual for it to become public, Elisa allowed her new found confidence to be witnessed by her husband.


In the early 10’s just as society had started accepting women in the workplace, The Great depression settled in and many jobs were lost. Men found it hard to find work, so from 1-17 federal legislation prohibited more than one member from the same family working in the civil service. Once again reverting back to the old society rules, women were left back at home, in the weak nurturing position whilst the male once again became the money earner.


Dora, from Cannery Row was not cast as your typical stereotype woman of the 10’s. She was a woman who owned her own business which in a social standing, made her more acceptable.
 

“…Through the exercise of special gifts of tact and honesty, charity and a certain realism, made herself respected by the intelligent, the learned, and the kind. And by the same token she is hated by the twisted and lascivious sisterhood of married spinsters whose husbands respect the home but don’t like it every much”


Even though Dora was a respected member of the society, she was an out cast by moral and churchgoing people because of her position as a madam in a whorehouse. As her “job” was illegal, it put her on the wrong side of the law but she was able to get around this as the law was willing to turn a blind eye as Dora used her money “unsung, unpublicized, shameless dirty wages of sin” to give to charities and paid out double or more money than any other person. When the depression settled in Cannery Row, Dora spent out a lot of money for hungry children, jobless fathers and depressed mothers and paid other families grocery bills for almost two years. This kind giving almost sent Dora bankrupt and out of business. Even after all her giving and generosity, the hard-earned respect was unable to rise her in the social standing’s because of her profession.


Human nature’s first instinct is to survive by whatever means open to them. The survival of the fittest. Mack and the boys, outcasts by all standards, survive by accommodation  bartering with Lee Chong, placating the Captain who owned the frog-laden pond.


“dine delicately with the tigers, fondle the frantic heifers, and wrap up the crumbs to feed the sea gulls of Cannery Row”


Dora survives by prostitution. She knows that this is not an acceptable social position but her instincts to survive are strong. Elisa in “The Chrysanthemums” hides her inner feeling and accepts her place in life through sheer survival instincts to come out at the end with the least amount of emotional pain. When she finds the plant discarded in the middle of the road, the pain is quite unbearable to deal with, so she slowly buries her feelings again.


“Her face was turned away from him. ‘It will be enough if we can have wine. It will be plenty.’ She turned up her coat collar so he could not see that she was crying weakly  like an old woman.”


Women were born with the reproductive organs and the instincts to nurture. Men were born with the instinct to provide (hunt) and protect. These instincts are imperative in the desire for our species to survive and grow strong. We are members of the animal kingdom and we all strive for the same thing. That our particular species is protected, nurtured and given all possible chance to survive. Men and women also have the instinct to bond together. Without one or the other, the chance of survival for the race is non-existent. Somewhere over the centuries, it was decided that the role of the male gender was more important to the survival of the race. Women were to be portrayed as weak and submissive whilst a man was strong and aggressive.


We still have the same instincts, only we use them to further our careers and acquire possessions. Even in our Modern times, we are assessed and judged by our possessions and the amount of money we earn. - low income earners, middle income earners, high income earners. Have we fine-tuned our instincts too much? What would happen if we had to rely once again on nature? Would the women go back to her basic instincts to reproduce and nurture or would she still fight for equal standing? Would man be strong enough to resume hunting and providing or would he let the dominant women take over and relieve him of that chore? I suppose the biggest question of them all is “What would happen to the human race?” if our basis instincts and survival instincts were to be lost.





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Failing Mentors

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In The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D Salinger, Holden Caulfield is introduced as a troubled New Yorker in desperate need of guidance. He doesn’t care about life or school, and has to find a way to change. The only problem is, Holden doesn’t want to or even think he needs to. Instead, he chooses to make poor choices that keep getting him kicked out of schools. Holden really could have changed easily. All he needed to do was make a simple decision. But he chose not to. So Holden ends up in a Mental Hospital, overwhelmed with his troubles. Yet he wasn’t on his own during his times of struggle. People tried to help Holden, but this just made things worse for him. J.D Salinger shows how three characters fail to become positive mentors, pushing Holden further into emotional trauma.


Mr. Spencer is one character who fails to become a positive mentor to Holden. If Mr. Spencer was a true positive mentor, he would have given him guidance and advice on what Holden should do. Instead all he does is tell Holden that his lack of care is stupid and continually nags about his schoolwork. But first of all, Mr. Spencer’s appearance really bothers Holden. He becomes very uncomfortable because of the way Mr. Spencer looks. “The minute I went in, I was sort of sorry I’d come.” (pg.7) Mr. Spencer’s attempt to become a positive mentor had already begun to fail as soon as Holden walked into his room. It’s tough to give someone advice when that person doesn’t want to be there in the first place. But Holden listens to Mr. Spencer anyway just to be polite. Yet he ends up getting a lecture he doesn’t expect. Mr. Spencer gets very angry and scolds Holden when he finds out that he was kicked out of Pencey. If Mr. Spencer wanted to be a good mentor, he would have tried to give him some words of encouragement instead of putting him down. What Mr. Spencer said to Holden just made him more upset and angry. Mr. Spencer brings up talk about the poor job Holden did on the schoolwork he would turn in. This really agitates Holden, and towards the end of their talk, Holden really wants to leave. But when he starts leaving he takes a good look at Mr. Spencer and actually starts feeling really sorry for him. There is no possible way Holden could look up to Mr. Spencer and see him as a mentor when he feels sorry for him.


Mr. Antolini is another character who tries to become a mentor for Holden, but instead fails miserably. At first it seems as though Mr. Antolini is really going to be able to help Holden out. He talks with him for awhile about his problems, and Holden actually listens. He isn’t annoyed by what Mr. Antolini says like he was with Mr. Spencer. Then Mr. Antolini even gives him a place sleep for the night. But all of these good things are immediately ruined when something happens that Holden wasn’t expecting. Holden wakes up in the middle of the night and realizes that Mr. Antolini is petting his head. Confused and frightened, Holden immediately wants to leave. He thinks Mr. Antolini is coming on to him, but doesn’t say anything about that to him. Instead, he says he has to go right away for some urgent reason. It was at that point that Mr. Antolini had failed to be a helpful mentor when he was so close to doing so. He tries, but fails to convince Holden to stay. Mr. Antolini couldn’t find a way to explain why he was petting him. Holden wasn’t listening to him anyway. He just got out of his house as fast as he could. But after Holden leaves the house, he starts to feel that maybe he reacted wrongly to what Mr. Antolini. Holden begins to think that Mr. Antolini could have just been petting his head for no wrong reason at all. He regrets the way he immediately judged Mr. Antolini, and all of this just makes Holden more depressed and angry.


Thought D.B really isn’t aware of it, he is also a potential father figure to Holden who ended up failing. D.B is Holden’s older brother, and since Holden’s father is never really there for him, it’s only natural that Holden would turn to D.B for guidance. But D.B changes, as does Holden’s opinion about him. D. B. wrote a volume of short stories that Holden admires very much. Holden’s favorite is “The Secret Goldfish.” It is about a child who buys a goldfish and does not allow anyone to look at it, because he has paid for it with his own money. This foreshadows Holdens consistent passion for the innocence and authenticity of childhood. This is the center of Holden’s problems, and D.B indirectly emphasizes this idea to him through his book. Also, Holden finds it hard to take D.B seriously, when his definition of a phony directly applies to his older brother. D.B is a movie writer in Hollywood. Holden hates movies more than anything. He thinks people in show business are the phoniest people out there. So when D.B moves to Hollywood to be a writer, Holden loses a little respect for him. Also, he was the only older family member that really had a chance to be any sort of mentor to Holden, yet he ended up moving away. That was tough for Holden. But what was toughest for Holden to accept was D.B’s new profession as a prostitute. Holden could handle the phoniness of his brother. He didn’t like it, but D.B was writing and that’s what he was good at. So Holden accepted that. But he could never see D.B the same way now that he was a prostitute. After that, there was no chance Holden would ever look up to D.B. Instead, he actually looked down on him because of the job had chosen. This really had a negative effect on Holden. D.B was his only brother left after Allie had died, and seeing him turn into something awful must have had added to his distress.


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All Holden needed in order to straighten out his life was guidance from some sort of mentor. It wouldn’t have even needed to be a lot of guidance, just enough good advice to set him in the right direction. Unfortunately, only three people in his life tried to do so; Mr. Spencer, Mr. Antolini, and his older brother D.B, whom all failed to become the mentor Holden needed. Mr. Spencer only nagged Holden about his schoolwork, Mr. Antolini started coming on to him, and D.B became a prostitute in New York. Out of all three characters, Mr. Antolini comes closest to reaching Holden. He manages to avoid phoniness, and doesn’t speak to Holden as a teacher or authority figure. Yet, unexpectedly he comes up short. He ends up pushing Holden further into his worries, just like the other two did. But was that their fault or Holden’s own? They were just trying to help Holden out, so you can’t really blame them. And Holden wouldn’t have been in that position if his father had shown the right amount of care for him. So how can Holden be held responsible for his actions? If you don’t have a father to provide any guidance in your life, you won’t end up knowing how to accept it from others.



Please note that this sample paper on Failing Mentors is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Failing Mentors, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Failing Mentors will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.
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